Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides drive agricultural GHG emissions and biodiversity loss. In 2018, nitrous oxide from fertilizers accounted for 13% of agricultural emissions (0.7 Gt CO₂), while their production and use added 2.6 Gt CO₂—more than global aviation and shipping combined. Pesticides further contribute, with their manufacturing emitting 71 Mt CO₂e in 2017. Beyond emissions, these chemicals degrade ecosystems. Pesticides reduce beneficial soil microbes, harm freshwater biodiversity, and drive a 42% decline in species richness among aquatic organisms and predatory insects. Fertilizer overuse cuts pollinator populations in half and depletes soil health, accelerating ecosystem collapse.