Monsanto engages in the distribution of agricultural products to farmers. Monsanto's Seeds and Genomics segment produces seed brands, including DEKALB, Asgrow, Deltapine, Seminis, and De Ruiter, and develops biotechnology traits that assist farmers in controlling insects and weeds. The Agricultural Productivity segment manufactures Roundup, Harness, and other brands of herbicides. It also provides other seed companies with genetic material and biotechnology traits for their seed brands.

Monsanto has been collaborating with the Israeli company Evogeneon research and developmentefforts since 2008. The goal of this collaboration is to discover genes that could enhance crop yield for farmers in corn, soybean, cotton, and canola. Monsanto also operates in Israel through its Vegetable Seeds Division, which was opened after the 2008 acquisition of the Dutch seed company De Ruiter, which in turn owned the Israeli company A.B. Seeds. In 2011, Monsanto acquired the Israeli company Beeologics, a bee health company, and in 2013 Monsanto acquired Rosetta Green. Today both companies form Monsanto R&D in Israel.